CTA Trend Following

High Grade Copper — Concentration, Ensemble & The Twelve Sections

Kaufman's robust-region method on High Grade Copper (HG=F), then the same twelve sections as the market card — all of it on data ending 2015-12-31.

As of 2015-12-31 — the last ten years are withheld. Every number on this tab is computed on bars up to and including 2015-12-31, and nothing after that date is read by any calculation here. The cut happens on the raw price frame before any indicator touches it, so no parameter on this tab was chosen with knowledge of what came next. This market's window is 2000-08-30 → 2015-12-31 (3,849 daily bars). The withheld data still exists and has not been touched — it is the out-of-sample test for whatever comes out of this work, and it is only worth having once the strategies are fixed.

Funded entries

SMA 63, SMA 69, SMA 75, SMA 85

Direction

System B — Long & Short

Plateau

SMA 57–85 (9/25 tested)

Efficiency ratio (20d)

0.229

K1. Where The Results Concentrate

Kaufman's method: rather than take the best of the 50 base cells, or their median, find the contiguous stretch of SMA periods that all work. The plateau is the region holding at or above 70% of the smoothed peak. Its width is the honest measure of how much room for error this market gives you.

Sortino By SMA Period — Where The Results Concentrate

Bars are each tested period on its own. The line averages each period with the tested period either side (3-point neighbourhood), which is what the selection reads. The shaded band is the plateau; the outlined bars are the funded entries.

Direction

Plateau

SMA 57–85

Width

9 of 25 tested (36%)

Periods in profit

100% of 25

Best / median / worst

1.06 / 0.60 / 0.15

Why this direction

System	Plateau mean	Coverage	Periods in profit
System A — Long Only	0.842	60%	100%
System B — Long & Short ✓	0.857	36%	100%

The direction is chosen on the plateau, not on the best cell. A direction that covers at least 20% of the grid wins over one that scores higher across three adjacent periods, because that narrow high score is exactly the fluke this method exists to avoid.

Speed preference vs efficiency ratio

Speed band	Mean sortino
short(SMA 30–54)	0.451
medium(SMA 55–80)	0.866
long(SMA 81–120)	0.510

Efficiency ratio over this window: 10d 0.315, 20d 0.229, 60d 0.138. A high ER means price travels in straighter lines, which should favour faster SMAs; a low ER means the path is noisy and a slower SMA should do better. The index page tests that across all markets rather than asserting it here.

K2. The Funded Ensemble — 4 Entries, Equal Weight

Each selected period is funded with 25% of the market's capital and runs as its own base system. They are deliberately spread across the plateau: adjacent periods would be one system counted several times, which is the overfit this is meant to avoid.

Entry	Band	Weight	CAGR	Max DD	Sharpe	Sortino	Calmar	Trades	Win rate
SMA 63	medium	25.0%	15.4%	-55.5%	0.61	0.89	0.28	177	41.8%
SMA 69	medium	25.0%	15.2%	-42.6%	0.60	0.88	0.36	172	36.6%
SMA 75	medium	25.0%	15.6%	-32.0%	0.62	0.91	0.49	171	36.3%
SMA 85	long	25.0%	16.0%	-41.3%	0.64	0.94	0.39	133	43.6%
Ensemble (equal weight)		100.0%	16.1%	-35.9%	0.69	1.01	0.45	653	—

Mean pairwise correlation between the members' daily returns is 0.810. The ensemble's Sortino is +0.110 against the average of its members, and its drawdown +0.070 — that difference is the combination working (or not), rather than any member being good.

The ensemble against the three readings it replaces

On sortino, the tab's selection metric.

Reading	sortino	Ensemble minus this	What it is
Ensemble	1.013	—	4 periods from the plateau, equal weight.
Buy & hold	0.291	+0.722	Holding the future outright over the same window.
Median cell	0.660	+0.353	The middle of all 50 cells — what picking a parameter at random gets you. This is the reading the earlier cross-market tables used.
Best single cell — SMA 70	1.063	-0.050	The luckiest point on the surface. In sample it must win; the question is by how little, because whatever it wins by is what you are betting survives.

Ensemble Equity — Month-End Cumulative Return

Each funded entry gets 25% of the market's capital and runs independently. Everything stops on 2015-12-31.

Below: the same twelve sections as the market card, rebuilt in-sample. Identical code, identical grids — only the window differs. Use them to see what each risk layer would have done to the funded periods above. Section 13 (Reset / No Reset, added 2026-08-04) is deliberately not here: the client asked for it on the markets “koja imaju sve podatke”, and this tab is the one that does not. The full-history card for High Grade Copper is here — do not read it while choosing parameters.

Instrument

High Grade Copper (HG=F)

History

2000-08-30 → 2015-12-31

Trading Days / Year

252

Volatility Grid

15–55% (step 5)

How this market is calibrated. The volatility factor grid is 15–55%, derived from p10-p90 of annualized 20-day volatility, rounded to a nice step on this market's own history — not Corn's 20–60%, which would be meaningless here. Annualized 20-day volatility percentiles: p5 13.3%, p10 14.6%, p25 17.7%, p50 23.2%, p75 32.1%, p90 40.3%, p95 50.6%. Metrics annualize with 252 trading days per year.

1. Moving Average Optimization

SMA periods 30, 33, 36, 39, 42, 45, 48, 51, 54, 57, 60, 63, 66, 69, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120. Entry when the SMA turns up, exit when it turns down (System A flat, System B reverses short). Returns are percentages of capital on a compounding equity curve.

Total Return By SMA Period

System A (Long Only) vs System B (Long & Short, stop-and-reverse on the SMA slope). Percentage return on a compounding equity curve.

2. Risk Metrics — Base Systems

CAGR, total return, max drawdown, Sharpe and trade count for every base variant of both systems over 3,849 daily bars. System A = Long Only, System B = Long & Short (stop-and-reverse).

Donchian Breakout — Pure Channel

Lookback N grid 20–80 step 3, then 85, 90, 95, 100. Exit on the opposite N-period band break.

N	A: CAGR	A: Total Return	A: Max DD	A: Sharpe	A: Sortino	A: Calmar	A: Trades	B: CAGR	B: Total Return	B: Max DD	B: Sharpe	B: Sortino	B: Calmar	B: Trades
20	6.1%	147.2%	-41.4%	0.30	0.43	0.15	51	2.0%	36.3%	-59.5%	0.08	0.11	0.03	102
23	7.2%	190.7%	-38.1%	0.34	0.50	0.19	43	4.4%	92.0%	-64.0%	0.17	0.24	0.07	86
26	9.7%	313.0%	-38.1%	0.47	0.68	0.26	35	9.6%	303.3%	-44.9%	0.36	0.53	0.21	70
29	10.1%	334.3%	-32.8%	0.50	0.73	0.31	30	10.3%	344.6%	-43.9%	0.39	0.56	0.23	60
32	9.8%	315.6%	-37.3%	0.48	0.70	0.26	27	9.5%	302.2%	-51.9%	0.36	0.52	0.18	55
35	10.8%	375.8%	-39.3%	0.53	0.78	0.27	24	11.5%	426.9%	-55.1%	0.43	0.63	0.21	49
38	11.1%	398.4%	-37.0%	0.54	0.79	0.30	22	12.3%	489.1%	-47.1%	0.48	0.70	0.26	45
41	10.9%	387.0%	-37.5%	0.54	0.78	0.29	21	11.7%	441.4%	-49.4%	0.45	0.66	0.24	43
44	12.0%	462.0%	-34.7%	0.58	0.85	0.35	18	13.6%	602.3%	-51.2%	0.53	0.77	0.27	37
47	11.2%	407.3%	-37.3%	0.56	0.81	0.30	18	12.3%	487.0%	-51.2%	0.48	0.70	0.24	37
50	9.6%	304.7%	-42.9%	0.48	0.69	0.22	18	9.0%	272.2%	-53.9%	0.35	0.51	0.17	37
53	10.3%	344.0%	-41.1%	0.51	0.74	0.25	16	10.6%	365.5%	-57.3%	0.41	0.59	0.18	33
56	8.9%	269.3%	-47.0%	0.43	0.63	0.19	16	7.7%	209.9%	-66.5%	0.30	0.43	0.12	33
59	8.7%	258.1%	-47.7%	0.42	0.61	0.18	16	7.2%	189.7%	-67.4%	0.28	0.40	0.11	33
62	7.8%	214.9%	-52.6%	0.38	0.55	0.15	16	5.4%	122.2%	-73.4%	0.21	0.29	0.07	33
65	8.9%	267.6%	-54.2%	0.43	0.62	0.16	14	8.0%	222.4%	-74.4%	0.31	0.44	0.11	29
68	9.5%	300.6%	-47.9%	0.46	0.67	0.20	13	9.2%	281.3%	-66.8%	0.35	0.51	0.14	27
71	8.8%	264.3%	-49.6%	0.43	0.61	0.18	13	7.8%	214.5%	-68.9%	0.30	0.43	0.11	27
74	9.7%	308.8%	-50.7%	0.46	0.66	0.19	12	9.6%	303.2%	-70.4%	0.37	0.53	0.14	25
77	11.0%	390.8%	-44.4%	0.52	0.75	0.25	11	12.6%	514.4%	-54.1%	0.49	0.71	0.23	23
80	10.5%	359.4%	-45.4%	0.49	0.72	0.23	11	11.5%	429.1%	-55.7%	0.44	0.64	0.21	23
85	9.9%	320.8%	-46.1%	0.47	0.68	0.21	10	10.2%	339.7%	-57.3%	0.39	0.57	0.18	21
90	8.8%	260.9%	-48.9%	0.42	0.60	0.18	10	7.9%	219.1%	-65.8%	0.31	0.44	0.12	21
95	10.2%	341.3%	-35.2%	0.49	0.71	0.29	8	10.4%	350.4%	-54.6%	0.40	0.58	0.19	17
100	11.0%	393.3%	-35.2%	0.54	0.78	0.31	7	11.8%	451.0%	-54.6%	0.47	0.67	0.22	15

Moving Average — SMA Slope

SMA period grid 30→70 step 3, then 70→120 step 5. Exit/reverse when the SMA slope flips.

SMA	A: CAGR	A: Total Return	A: Max DD	A: Sharpe	A: Sortino	A: Calmar	A: Trades	B: CAGR	B: Total Return	B: Max DD	B: Sharpe	B: Sortino	B: Calmar	B: Trades
30	8.0%	224.7%	-34.7%	0.40	0.58	0.23	149	5.1%	113.0%	-52.4%	0.19	0.28	0.10	298
33	6.7%	169.3%	-53.4%	0.33	0.48	0.13	148	2.8%	51.6%	-61.5%	0.11	0.15	0.04	297
36	7.0%	182.9%	-47.0%	0.35	0.51	0.15	136	3.3%	63.7%	-62.7%	0.13	0.18	0.05	273
39	8.8%	264.7%	-40.9%	0.44	0.64	0.22	130	7.4%	195.4%	-49.1%	0.28	0.42	0.15	261
42	10.3%	347.3%	-32.3%	0.51	0.75	0.32	133	10.2%	343.6%	-44.8%	0.39	0.58	0.23	267
45	10.5%	359.1%	-47.1%	0.52	0.76	0.22	106	10.5%	358.6%	-60.4%	0.41	0.60	0.17	213
48	10.1%	335.9%	-43.7%	0.50	0.73	0.23	110	9.4%	295.7%	-63.2%	0.37	0.54	0.15	221
51	10.5%	361.6%	-46.4%	0.52	0.77	0.23	97	11.2%	403.4%	-47.5%	0.44	0.64	0.24	195
54	11.1%	401.0%	-34.8%	0.55	0.81	0.32	100	12.0%	462.5%	-44.2%	0.46	0.68	0.27	201
57	10.8%	379.8%	-32.0%	0.53	0.79	0.34	96	10.9%	385.3%	-46.7%	0.43	0.62	0.23	193
60	12.6%	508.3%	-27.2%	0.62	0.91	0.46	92	14.2%	655.0%	-43.1%	0.56	0.82	0.33	185
63	13.0%	549.0%	-30.3%	0.64	0.94	0.43	88	15.4%	792.2%	-55.5%	0.61	0.89	0.28	177
66	12.9%	539.7%	-30.8%	0.63	0.94	0.42	90	15.8%	836.2%	-44.6%	0.63	0.92	0.35	181
69	12.5%	508.0%	-33.0%	0.62	0.91	0.38	86	15.2%	764.5%	-42.6%	0.60	0.88	0.36	172
70	13.9%	634.0%	-28.1%	0.69	1.02	0.50	80	18.1%	1176.2%	-38.2%	0.72	1.06	0.48	160
75	12.7%	522.8%	-31.7%	0.63	0.93	0.40	85	15.6%	817.6%	-32.0%	0.62	0.91	0.49	171
80	11.9%	455.7%	-34.4%	0.59	0.87	0.35	69	14.1%	649.1%	-38.3%	0.56	0.82	0.37	139
85	12.9%	541.3%	-41.4%	0.64	0.95	0.31	66	16.0%	869.7%	-41.3%	0.64	0.94	0.39	133
90	8.9%	269.2%	-45.1%	0.44	0.64	0.20	61	7.6%	204.3%	-55.0%	0.30	0.43	0.14	123
95	7.7%	211.2%	-50.9%	0.38	0.55	0.15	67	6.0%	144.5%	-59.5%	0.24	0.34	0.10	135
100	6.1%	148.8%	-54.2%	0.30	0.43	0.11	73	2.7%	50.8%	-72.4%	0.11	0.15	0.04	147
105	8.8%	262.2%	-35.7%	0.43	0.62	0.25	62	8.0%	223.5%	-47.8%	0.32	0.45	0.17	125
110	9.0%	273.1%	-44.9%	0.44	0.64	0.20	71	8.8%	260.3%	-51.7%	0.35	0.50	0.17	143
115	11.2%	408.9%	-34.3%	0.55	0.80	0.33	59	13.6%	596.2%	-45.3%	0.54	0.79	0.30	119
120	8.7%	257.5%	-39.5%	0.43	0.61	0.22	59	8.4%	240.7%	-51.9%	0.34	0.48	0.16	119

3. Equity Curve Explorer

Pick a period, direction and ATR profit target (or Base) to see its month-end cumulative return, starting at 0%.

SMA periodDirection

Every ATR profit target is overlaid against the base system.

Loading equity curves…

4. Profit Factor Sweep

An ATR profit target swept 1.5 → 10.0 (step 0.5) for every variant. Target = entry ± PF × ATR₂₀, frozen at entry.

Loading profit factor grid…

5. Volatility-Adjusted Profit Target (Dynamic)

The same sweep as section 4, but the target is recomputed each day from the current ATR instead of frozen at entry, so it breathes with volatility while staying anchored to the entry price.

Loading profit factor grid…

6. Stop Loss Sweep

A protective ATR stop swept 1.5 → 10.0 (step 0.5). Stop = entry ∓ SL × ATR₂₀, no take-profit; the position still reverses on the opposite SMA-slope signal if the stop is not hit first.

Loading stop loss factor grid…

7. ATR Trailing Stop Sweep

A trailing ATR stop, distinct from section 6: stop = best price reached since entry ∓ f × ATR₂₀, recomputed daily. It ratchets in the trade's favour and retreats when volatility rises. Swept 1.0 → 10.0 (step 0.5).

Loading trailing factor grid…

8. Stop Loss + Time Stop — Equity Curves

The full strategy: SMA entry, ATR stop loss, and a time stop that exits a trade still not in profit 5/10/15/20/30/40 days after entry. Split into one file per SMA period so this loads in a fraction of the Corn page's payload.

SMA periodDirectionATR SL factor

Loading equity curves…

9. Time Stop Only — Equity Curves

The time stop judged on its own, with no ATR stop, against the plain SMA baseline. Each line exits a trade still underwater 5/10/15/20/30/40 days after entry.

SMA periodDirection

Loading equity curves…

10. Volatility Filter Sweep

Volatility is the annualized standard deviation of daily returns — the standard deviation of the last 20 daily returns × √252. The factor is a maximum: a new position opens only on a day at or below it, so the strategy stands aside in turbulence. An open trade is never closed by the filter.

Loading volatility factor grid…

11. Volatility Filter + ATR Trailing Stop

The first combined risk layer: the section-10 filter and the section-7 trailing stop in one strategy, swept together across every combination. The last column is section 7 on its own, so you can read left to right whether adding the filter helps.

Loading the volatility × trailing-stop grid…

12. Volatility Regime Switch

The same threshold as section 10, but acting as a regime switch: above it the open position is closed at that day's close, nothing opens while volatility stays high, and the position re-opens on the first calm day the SMA slope still points the right way — no fresh signal required.

Loading volatility factor grid…

Source: Yahoo Finance daily OHLC, truncated at 2015-12-31 — nothing after that date was read by any calculation on this page. Generated 2026-08-03 06:00:17 UTC.